Oleuropein, a phenolic component of Olea europaea L. ameliorates CCl4-induced liver injury in rats through the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective role of oleuropein (Olp), a phenolic compound found in olive, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research involved male albino rats, which received intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg/kg b.w. of oleuropein for 8 consecutive weeks before being subjected to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at a dosage of 1.0 ml/kg b.w. Changes induced by CCl4 in antioxidant and inflammatory marker levels were assessed using ELISA assay kits. Moreover, CCl4-induced liver tissue architecture alteration, fibrosis, and expression pattern of protein were evaluated by performing H&E, Sirius red, Masson trichrome, and immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS: Increased serum transaminases and massive hepatic damage were observed by this liver toxicant. The hepatic injury was further evidenced by a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione (GSH) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC)]. The administration of CCl4 resulted in an increased inflammatory response, which was measured by C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Olp as a curative regimen led to significant attenuation in the inflammatory response and oxidative/nitrosative stress. This polyphenol treatment improved the hepatic tissue architecture and decreased fibrosis. In the CCl4 treatment group, the expression pattern of IL-6 protein was high, whereas expression was decreased after Olp, as evidenced by immunohistochemistry staining. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that oleuropein treatment has the potential to reduce liver damage caused by CCl4 induction by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation and maintaining liver tissue architecture. This could make it a promising treatment option for liver pathogenesis.

Shared thoughts and practices on some modifiable cancer risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous cancer-causing factors are inversely correlated with health literacy. The current study's objective was to evaluate the Saudi community's knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding certain carcinogens. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To perform this descriptive study, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in Hail City, Northern Saudi Arabia, between September 2020 and November 2020. In the city of Hail, about 450 volunteers have expressed interest in taking part in the study. RESULTS: A total of 165 individuals smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol, respectively (67%) and 42 (9%). Negative attitudes toward cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, radiation exposure, genetic predisposition, some viruses, some bacterial infection, some parasites, and fungi were 85/450 (19%), 209/450 (46.4%), 206/450 (45.8%), 322/450 (71.6%), 297/450 (66%), 375/450 (83.3%), 403/450 (89.6%), and 405/450 (90%), in that order. CONCLUSIONS: Some cancer-causing substances are widely used in the Saudi community. Lack of understanding and a negative attitude toward some carcinogens are widespread, necessitating immediate interventions at the community and health affairs levels.

Personal caution about some cancer-related lifestyle habits in Northern Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed at assessing community familiarity with cancer-related lifestyle habits in Northern Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved a community-based sample of 442 civilians living in Hail, Northern Saudi Arabia. Data were collected during the period between October and November 2020. Data were randomly collected from different public gathering places regardless of age or sex. RESULTS: Higher nescience percentages were associated with physical inactivity followed by obesity and fast food, representing 328/390 (84%), 311/390 (80%), and 263/390 (67%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Northern Saudi Arabia has a high negative attitude toward cancer risk factors, necessitating the implementation of community-based health education and cancer awareness programs. Level of education and age have no significant role in the level of cancer awareness.

Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Nebivolol and sodium copper Chlorophyllin on CCL4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the protective effect of sodium copper chlorophyllin and nebivolol was evaluated in a mice model of CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity. Silymarin was used as a traditional hepatoprotective drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty (30) mice were used as they were divided into five groups: the first group was the control group which received distilled water + olive oil, the second group which received 1.5 ml/kg of CCl4 diluted in olive oil three times a week, the third group which received CCl4 + Silymarin 50 mg/kg/day, the fourth group which received CCl4 + nebivolol 4 mg/kg/day, and the fifth group which received 1.5 ml/kg of CCl4+ Cu-chlorophyllin 50 mg/kg/day. The drugs were given by intraperitoneal route for 5 weeks. The detection, quantification of CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity and possible protective effect of either silymarin, nebivolol, or sodium copper chlorophyllin were assessed using biochemical analysis of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, lipid profile, an assay of oxidants and antioxidants, assay of interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and histopathological examination. RESULTS: The administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) produced pronounced liver impairment. It significantly increased ALT, AST, ALP, malondialdehyde, and serum nitric oxide levels compared to normal control group besides a decrease in total protein, serum catalase, tissue SOD, and GSH levels. IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher while total cholesterol was significantly lower in mice receiving CCL4 compared to the normal control group. CCL4 induced severe hyperemia and congestion inside the portal area with leukocytic infiltration, hepatic degeneration, and bridge fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Co-administration of either silymarin, nebivolol, or sodium copper chlorophyllin with CCl4 was able to ameliorate up to almost contradict CCl4 induced hepatic injury through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.